สถิติ
เปิดเมื่อ28/01/2015
อัพเดท19/06/2024
ผู้เข้าชม2218575
แสดงหน้า2731302
ปฎิทิน
November 2024
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
     
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
สมาชิก

สมัครสมาชิก | ลืมรหัสผ่าน

ทังสเตนคาร์ไบด์

อ่าน 743334 | ตอบ 8448
ทังสเตนคาร์ไบด์
       ทังสเตนคาร์ไบด์ (อังกฤษ: tungsten carbide) มีสูตรเคมีคือ WC ในรูปพื้นฐานจะมีลักษณะเป็นผงสีเทาละเอียด มี 2 โครงสร้างคือแบบหกเหลี่ยม (α-WC) และแบบลูกบาศก์ (β-WC)
 
       ทังสเตนคาร์ไบด์เตรียมได้จากการทำปฏิกิริยาระหว่างทังสเตนกับคาร์บอนที่อุณหภูมิ 1400–2000 °C[3] หรือให้ความร้อนกับทังสเตนไตรออกไซด์และแกรไฟต์โดยตรงที่ 900 °C หรือในแก๊สไฮโดรเจนที่ 670 °C ตามด้วยการคาร์บิวไรเซชันในแก๊สอาร์กอนที่ 1000 °C[4] หรือใช้วิธีการเคลือบด้วยไอเคมี เช่น
  • ทำปฏิกิริยาระหว่างทังสเตนเฮกซะคลอไรด์กับไฮโดรเจนและมีเทนที่อุณหภูมิ 670 °C (1,238 °F)
 WCl6 + H2 + CH4 WC + 6 HCl
  • ทำปฏิกิริยาระหว่างทังสเตนเฮกซะฟลูออไรด์กับไฮโดรเจนและเมทานอลที่อุณหภูมิ 350 °C (662 °F)
                WF6 + 2 H2 + CH3OH → WC + 6 HF + H2O
       ทังสเตนคาร์ไบด์มีจุดหลอมเหลวที่ 2,870 °C (5,200 °F) และจุดเดือดที่ 6,000 °C (10,830 °F) มีความแข็งระดับ 9 ตามมาตราโมสและประมาณ 2600 ตามมาตราวิกเคอส์[5] ทังสเตนคาร์ไบด์มีความแข็งเกร็งมากกว่าเหล็กกล้าประมาณ 2 เท่า มีค่ามอดุลัสของยังประมาณ 530–700 GPa (77,000–102,000 ksi)[2][6][5][7] โมดูลัสของแรงบีบอัด 630–655 GPa และโมดูลัสของแรงเฉือน 274 GPa[8]
 
ด้วยคุณสมบัติความแข็งและทนความร้อนสูง ทังสเตนคาร์ไบด์จึงใช้ทำเป็นเครื่องมือตัดหรือหัวเจาะ ใช้ทำกระสุนเจาะเกราะ เครื่องมือผ่าตัด อุปกรณ์กีฬา เครื่องประดับและอื่น ๆ
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
อ้างอิง
 
  1. Kurlov, p. 22
  2. Blau, Peter J. (2003). Wear of Materials. Elsevier. p. 1345. ISBN 978-0-08-044301-0.
  3. Pierson, Hugh O. (1992). Handbook of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): Principles, Technology, and Applications. William Andrew Inc. ISBN 0-8155-1300-3.
  4. Zhong, Y.; Shaw, L. (2011). 'A study on the synthesis of nanostructured WC–10 wt% Co particles from WO3 , Co3O4 , and graphite'. Journal of Materials Science 46 (19): 6323–6331. Bibcode:2011JMatS..46.6323Z. doi:10.1007/s10853-010-4937-y.
  5. Groover, Mikell P. (2010). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems. John Wiley & Sons. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-470-46700-8.
  6. Kurlov, p. 3
  7. Cardarelli, François (2008). Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 640–. ISBN 978-1-84628-669-8.
  8. Kurlov, pp. 30, 135
  9. Sprince, NL.; Chamberlin, RI.; Hales, CA.; Weber, AL.; Kazemi, H. (1984). 'Respiratory disease in tungsten carbide production workers'. Chest 86 (4): 549–557. PMID 6434250. doi:10.1378/chest.86.4.549.
  10. 12th Report on Carcinogens'. National Toxicology Program. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc12. เรียกข้อมูลเมื่อ 2011-06-24.
ความคิดเห็น :
6258
อ้างอิง

RuchiPal
Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || Andheri Escorts  || 
 
RuchiPal [103.157.160.xxx] เมื่อ 16/09/2023 18:08
6259
อ้างอิง

HyderabadEscortStars

We're right here to aid you discover the most effective ladies to satisfy your sex-related requirements. Our main goal is to please our clients. From our solution, you can get escorts who are very professional. These ladies will recognize what you desire and give it to you directly. Obtain these sultry Hyderabad escorts for you. These are called:

The most effective solution is Companions Solutions. The Hyderabad company is the best location to discover attractive, beautiful, as well as hot, high-profile divas as well as take place a day with them to satisfy your dreams. Hyderabad Escort call girls are ready for all your sensuous desire. Your joy is our top worry. Escorts are known for providing the very best solution to their clients.

We're below to aid you locate ladies that can make your life exciting as long as you're with them. They can give you everything you desire.

Hyderabad Call girls can enliven your life. If your sex life isn't as exciting as maybe, Hyderabad Escorts Service can flavor points up by making you freak out with their attractive steps.

Attractive Hyderabad independent Escorts have a great deal of enjoyable.
Our
Independent Escorts in Hyderabad is here to satisfy all of your sexual requirements. Hyderabad escort solution is dedicated to making certain our customers enjoy. This is our primary objective. We supply you finest females in India. Hyderabad call girls are sweet, quite, hot, as well as hot, with bodies that beam and also curves that you have actually constantly desired for. They are polite, courteous, well-educated, and have great morals. They are flexible and also can play well any place you take them. They'll do everything you tell them to.

Hyderabad women will certainly never fail you. They are totally trained in every little thing, whether you intend to make love or do something mischievous as well as hot. They are always there for you and also are very warm, sexy, and innovative. They will certainly satisfy all of your dreams and also desires.

Visit My Airhostess Escorts Page: Hyderabad Airhostess Escorts

These lovely women are well-trained and also work as High Profile Escorts in Hyderabad. They will certainly make your life much more intriguing by using mischievous tricks they understand. They will certainly love you extremely, quite. With our attractive companions, we'll see to it your typical sex life has everything you want.

Hyderabad Female Escorts our ladies any time: Sizzling Hyderabad Escorts is here for you!
At
Hyderabad Female Escorts Firm, we have a collection of sensual Companions to assist all the men who need them. Every one of our women are pretty and also have hot bodies. Their sensual means of chatting will blow your mind. They are absolutely lovely. With our private ladies, you'll have a blast to bear in mind and also treasure for the rest of your life.

Visit My Jubilee Hills Escorts page: Jubilee Hills Escorts

If you want to spend some unique time with a close sex companion, our women are right here for you. We'll aid you discover a Top-level Escorts in Hyderabad that is your dream girl. You can select one of our attractive girls for an overnight party, a solution for a couple, or another thing.

 
HyderabadEscortStars [45.121.2.xxx] เมื่อ 16/09/2023 19:32
6260
อ้างอิง

Raja Backlink
 
ลิงค์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง : https://halo.com/
Raja Backlink [103.138.192.xxx] เมื่อ 16/09/2023 20:58
6261
อ้างอิง

Ahmedabad Escort | EscortsGin

Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts Ahmedabad Escorts

 
Ahmedabad Escort | EscortsGin [45.121.2.xxx] เมื่อ 16/09/2023 21:32
6262
อ้างอิง

Anita
Whats up are using Wordpress for your site platform? I'm new to the blog world but I'm trying to get started and create my own. Do you require any coding expertise to make your own blog? Any help would be really appreciated!
 
ลิงค์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง : https://www.etsy.com/listing/1514293371/lemon-slice-kitchen-wall-clock-10-beach
Anita [51.255.103.xxx] เมื่อ 17/09/2023 01:24
6263
อ้างอิง

Candra
I know this web page offers quality dependent articles and other stuff, is there any other website which offers such data in quality?
 
ลิงค์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง : https://ipfs.moralis.io:2053/ipfs/QmZZ59LwxfJH1GQ74G1eBVigozL5i7FFDutySUcaFuDq6A
Candra [198.100.150.xxx] เมื่อ 17/09/2023 07:24
6264
อ้างอิง

nishinegi528
Welcome to Nishi Negi Mathura Escort and call girls nowadays with the world has come to be intense earth, individuals ought to understand how effective it is for them to manual a traditional way of life. It is the reason many thousands of individuals from definitely unique elements of the world would for positive want to have a larger quantity of enjoyment so, failing to remember a period and anxiety that they may have in their minds. Those people with Independent position devices trying to find having of comfort furthermore a relaxed atmosphere ought to opt for the objective on appreciating plenty. Therefore, they need of authentic Mathura escort and call girl Independent will meet all those types of desires. Escorts Mathura
Escorts Lucknow
Escorts Agra
Escorts Hapur
Escorts Gorakhpur
Escorts Hamirpur
Escorts Bareilly
Escorts Hathras
Escorts Bahraich
Escorts Bulandshahr
Escorts Bijnor
Escorts Kanpur
Escorts Ghaziabad
Escorts Meerut
Escorts Varanasi
Escorts Prayagraj
Escorts Aligarh
Escorts Moradabad
Escorts Saharanpur
Escorts Faizabad
Escorts Firozabad
Escorts Jhansi
Escorts Muzaffarnagar
Escorts Budaun
Escorts Rampur
Escorts Shahjahanpur
Escorts Farrukhabad
Escorts Maunath Bhanjan
Escorts Noida
Escorts Etawah
Escorts Mirzapur
Escorts Sambhal
Escorts Hardoi
Escorts Fatehpur
Escorts Raebareli
Escorts Orai
Escorts Modinagar
Escorts Unnao
Escorts Jaunpur
Escorts Lakhimpur
Escorts Banda
Escorts Pilibhit
Escorts Barabanki
Escorts Khurja
Escorts Gonda
Escorts Mainpuri
Escorts Lalitpur
Escorts Etah
Escorts Deoria
Escorts Ujhani
Escorts Ghazipur
Escorts Sultanpur
Escorts Azamgarh
Escorts Sahaswan
Escorts Basti
Escorts Chandausi
Escorts Akbarpur
Escorts Tanda
Escorts Greater Noida
Escorts Shikohabad
Escorts Shamli
Escorts Awagarh
Escorts Kasganj
 
ลิงค์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง : http://www.nishinegi.com/
nishinegi528 [103.165.103.xxx] เมื่อ 17/09/2023 10:27
6265
อ้างอิง

BangaloreEscortsGin

Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls Bangalore Call Girls

 
BangaloreEscortsGin [45.121.2.xxx] เมื่อ 17/09/2023 10:53
6266
อ้างอิง

aya1pg
สวัสดีครับ! วันนี้เรามีข่าวดีสำหรับวัยรุ่นทุกคนที่ชื่นชอบการเล่นเกมออนไลน์! มีเว็บไซต์เจ๊ AMBKING999 pg slot
 
aya1pg [114.10.113.xxx] เมื่อ 17/09/2023 13:30
6267
อ้างอิง

wenty lacja
I read this article. I think You put a lot of effort to create this article. I appreciate your work iBomma
 
 
wenty lacja [137.59.221.xxx] เมื่อ 17/09/2023 15:09
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689690691692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719720721722723724725726727728729730731732733734735736737738739740741742743744745746747748749750751752753754755756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789790791792793794795796797798799800801802803804805806807808809810811812813814815816817818819820821822823824825826827828829830831832833834835836837838839840841842843844845846
ความคิดเห็นของผู้เข้าชม
ชื่อผู้แสดงความคิดเห็น :
สถานะ : รหัสผ่าน :
ลิงค์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง :
รหัสความปลอดภัย :